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Posts Tagged ‘mobile strategy’

Consider Context of Use When Going Online with Ministry Engagements

Friday, November 11th, 2011

Over at Church Mag was a post talking about some downsides to using Facebook as the landing site/page for youth ministry activities. There are some good points there, and in terms of general direction, they do indeed make some sense. However, in our comment posted here, we counter-pointed the recommendations made there with a bow to understanding the context of use. Here’s the comment first:

I almost agree with this. Almost…

What’s missing in the article and resulting discussion is the context of the global uses of Facebook. For example, if you are in places where Facebook can be used on a mobile for no costs to the user, and these would be areas where the majority of folks are going online using a mobile, then making FB your website makes a ton of sense, and shouldn’t be overlooked at all. In fact, the expense of making your own mobile friendly site is more, no matter what kind of solution you use there. This happens to be the context for many non-English speaking and FB-using audiences.

On the other side of that, if you can make youth ministry or any other ministry resources available, without the reliance on a social network, or other server platform that you don’t own or can maintain, then yes, it’s a grat idea to not go that route. You can spend that energy on those social networks pointing to your wealth of resources and emphasizing the connections/conversations those services provide instead.

Context is important. Many of your churches need to consider both of my above paragraph as your missions IT focuses need to be different in domestic and international/affluent and non-affluent/mobile and non-mobile contexts.

Context. We said around this point in time last year that context is going to be your most important consideration in the new year (2011) when looking at mobile ministry opportunities. Your mobile or social web engagements rely on you understanding the context of use, environment, people, technologies, etc. You won’t have a ministry solution without understanding this point.

Now, how will that help you with Facebook efforts (referencing this example from the article posted)? Here are some resource items from our Case Studies/Research page worth considering:

See these and other resources useful for crafting and determining your mobile strategy on our Case Studies/Research Materials page.

Now. You can kind of continue to shoot into the dark regarding these matters. But, it does kind of make sense to emulate the activities of those who’s lives we follow (Joshua, David, Paul, etc.) who scouted the land before deciding what and whom they would seek to conquer or influence. Consider the context of what you are trying to do and who will be influenced by it when going online with ministry endeavors. Meet them on their hill, not simply the one where you are comfortable.

Tags: Facebook, mobile strategy, social networking, social networking strategy, youth ministry Church Mag
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State of Mobile Ministry Report (Summer 2011)

Tuesday, July 5th, 2011

As stated in the previous post about MMM finally getting full-time attention for a year, there’s been a number of revelations that have we’ve come to this year in regards to assessing where mobile (in) ministry is as an area of focus. In respect to this article, we’ll look at general topics such as the take up of mobile/mobile services, knowledge sharing and application, and even the scope of this technology across the face of what is understood as Christian faith.

For a basis towards the items covered in this report, reference our previous 2011 reports: What’s Ahead for 2011 and An Additional Mobile Lens for 2011.

Getting Up to Speed Using Mobile

In the past year, the noise of those wanting to use mobile in all lifestyle pursuits has certainly increased. Not to be missed, many of the conversations we’ve had with leaders inside and outside of the faith/religion space have had the conversation fulcrum, “mobile needs to be were we are.” And this is good as there’s been the better part of the last decade where mobile was a silo for those interested in PDAs, niche programmers, and those Bible societies who looked forward, but there wasn’t a large enough user-base to make it sustainable.

Regionally, we are seeing a few key elements taking root:
- in the USA, outside of missions organizations, the push for using and understanding mobile is following the uptake and understanding of applications. Truly an app and Facebook centric culture, mobile activity hinges on how well a church/ministry organization is able to utilize social networking – not expressly in a mobile context. There remains a disconnect between the ability to catalyze messages to minority groups who are more apt to using a mobile device and those ministry well-funded to create a mobile/social presence, but do nothing more than use this channel as yet another broadcasting brochure.

- the approach for missions and service organizations first focuses on the messaging and communication effects of mobile. Groups whom are able have found shortcodes and SMS programs to be their best avenues for engaging their audiences. In this respect, they are following closely behind mobile marketing initiatives. What’s not seen as often in this space is the ability to craft larger marketing programs which go beyond alert-and-response behaviors.

Globally, we see:
- missions organizations which have a global focus are clearly focusing much of the IT resources on adding experience in mobile, security, and social networking. These groups are commonly running up against the wall of there not being enough information available in terms of best practices, curriculum development, and the impact of mobile in addition to previously used channels for promoting content and behaviors.

- the speed at which the leading mobile platforms have changed (note: this has only happened in the past two years) has disrupted the planning processes for some who’ve previously settled on methods of distribution that didn’t take into account growing platforms, web access, or mobile-sized content portals. Their challenges include getting up to speed with current and short-term prospects for mobile directions, which shortening the time between asking “what is the mobile context of our audience” and delivering a solution which best takes advantage of that mobile context.

Knowledge Sharing and Application

Prior to 1.5 years ago, there were three websites (and a wiki) which frequently referred to mobile as a toolset for ministry activities. Since then, there’s been a growing movement within media, IT, and educational spaces to get up to speed on mobile, its implications in those spaces, and join the conversation across shared channels.

This has manifested itself in the formation of the Mobile Ministry Forum, VSN Mobile Media group, and mobile topical tracks at every major Christian conference. At this point, there’s not enough groundbreaking activity happening in mobile (in) ministry for there to be but spot references in non-faith-based conferences/workshops.

As had been demonstrated in other areas of mobile, mobile (in) ministry has a significant gap between those who practice (and document) and those whom are looking for information about mobile (in) ministry. The Mobile Ministry Forum has been the primary effort to date to knit these groups. Beyond knitting those groups, determining the specific areas of ministry to which mobile is most relevant continues to be a matter of conversation, debate, and analysts.

We’ve also noted there being a significant gap in how economics plays a part towards passing the lessons of mobile across ministries. Medium and small ministries are typically engaging mobile either by a passionate member or leader, which larger groups are able to have several persons or a team to devote towards these efforts. The appeal of the successes of the larger groups has been enough to increase their size, and drain the ability/brain of the smaller groups.

In a similar respect, mobile (and social web) activities are causing reassessments of policies, processes, and even communication needs. It isn’t expected that mobile will be a driver in all but a few cases (on-the-field missions for example), but that the general cultural shift to contextual messaging, flexibility of work environments, and organizational transparency will add the need to account for mobile competencies across cultures, devices, working styles. We’re not expecting any major news from ministries in this respect, but have and will continue to listen as systems and processes are effected by financial changes, speed of communication technologies, and generational changes in leadership.

Age (and some cultural behaviors) also seems to manifest gaps. We see the experience of older members of the faith pushing or holding back mobile initiatives. A misunderstanding or overly technical explanation of the benefits of mobile has also slowed the appropriate application of mobile. Unfortunately, affluence plays a part here – where some groups are simply throwing money at mobile hoping that something sticks. To these points, mobile is a much wilder west than the Internet was before/during it.

Mobile Technology in the Christian Faith

There’s a definitive difference between what’s possible, what’s done, and what the consequences are. It has only been this year where we are seeing pastors, authors, speakers, and organizations tackle the questions of the implications of mobile (devices, services, and experiences) to the spiritual welfare of believers. The common sentiment has been to tread lightly, experiment as led by the Spirit, and take time away to unplug. As mobile increases into the conversation, we can expect more theological discourse on this wise.

The imprint of mobile has been felt on the publishing side. We’ve seen a number of software companies fold or be acquired by faith-based/secular groups. It will not be known for a few more quarters the comparative nature of print publishing versus electronic publishing, but it is clear that many stalwart print publishing outfits have begun aggressive efforts to make sure that the digital audience is addressed. The growth of fiction as a digital publishing field where independents can financially excel has been noticed, but there’s no sign yet that the (very large) Christian fiction market is effected by this.

As with other media channels and their development early on, experiencing it in a fashion that’s not just a repacking of former media lessons is taking time. Much of what (western) Christianity understands as native to the Christian experience has translated seamlessly to mobile. What will happen (as with every other media channel), is that those who grew up closer to the technology as their frame of reference will remix old behaviors and create new ones. At this time, there are only bubbling signs as to what this will look like – but the book Alone Together seems to point to an eventual reality/issue.

Conclusions: Not Leading, Not Distant

We’ve tried to present the observations of mobile technology and faith communities in a light that shows the successes forward, and the challenges that lie ahead. Clearly, having a consistent and clear message will be key towards mobile being best understood. Efforts to clarify the intention of using mobile, practices towards mobile, and noting successes and failures will allow for this intersection to be a green light forward.

As with other media channels, the same potential exists for destructive tendencies. Information silos, disallowing of experimentation, and lack of support/discipleship will cause any lessons learned to become heretical or even a disassociated language while the general mobile world moves forward (for example: teaching the KJV in cultures that no long speak that dialect; the challenge therefore not only teaching the Scriptures, but also teaching an unknown language).

Compared to other applications of mobile (education, health, etc.) mobile (in) ministry isn’t far away from inventing its own innovations in this space. Distributed networks, mobiles for social good, and media targeting are areas where mobile (in) ministry is specifically equipped to address these, and then create opportunities and behaviors which easily share into other mobile spaces. Communication, clarity, and cohesion plays the glue that sticks this into the foundation of faith (John 17).

Mobile Ministry Magazine (MMM) exists to understand how the Christian faith is using and understanding the impact of mobile technology when it intersects with faith/faith traditions. This article is meant to provoke discussion and introspection towards the use of mobile technology within this cultural context. Coming to conclusions, and even evolving from there, will be key towards having a faith that also evolves with the times.

If you are working with mobile contexts related to ministry, education, communication/marketing, etc. and would like to learn more about how MMM can help you towards your efforts, get in touch with us.

Tags: defintion of mobile ministry, Mobile Lens 2011, mobile strategy, reports, strategy
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Recapping ICCM 2011

Tuesday, June 28th, 2011

This should probably be a really long post. I mean, if you just take a look at the sketchnote (gallery) alone, then you’d figure that a lot went on. But that’s just snippets of basically four days of connecting, reconnecting, and being refreshed on the campus of Taylor University. The following recap of ICCM is just a small part of the entire experience – every one of the 100+ attendees could give you their own unique takeaways of the time shared.

In a very real sense, ICCM is both retreat and workshop for those involved with IT/computing and mission. This much was very clear as I pulled into Taylor University after driving 9.5hrs from PA to Indiana. I got there pretty early in terms of registrants, and noticed immediately that things would be different in the foyer as just about everyone had a laptop, iPad, or smartphone out and in front of their faces. It wasn’t before long that more people were coming in (shuttles from the airport) and there was the bustling of conversations, hugs, and new introductions. At this point, I’d just been sitting back watching things. I’d be in the mix soon enough.

I spent that first afternoon riding my bicycle around Taylor University and its surrounding areas (its really flat out there). And in the evening, I made my way to the dining areas and auditorium where the festivities would take place.

Each day of the conference opened with a devotional, prayer, and a keynote by David Housholder (@DocDEH). His initial keynote on predictive mapping got the juices flowing early – though also left me in a bit of a daze since many of the technologies and behaviors that he mentioned throughout are items that I’ve been doing in whole or in part.

There were three tracks during ICCM: technology, basics, mobility, and leadership. I spent much of my time hovering around the mobility tracks, with a bit of fun intermingling with the technology tracks when they talked on the subject of SharePoint. Following the keynote, I found it quite refreshing that the first sessions that I attended (Risk Assessment for Mobile Device Computing) was chock full of information and behaviors that are easy to put into practice. For example, I’ve finally gotten around to putting a passcode on my iPad – I know, bad me. Just cause I’m in IT though I can’t think those “I’m invincible” thoughts.

The second session that I attended, also in mobility, was titled Mobile Ministry Strategy, and this presentation came from the good folks at GRN. In this session, we learned about how GRN has been putting forth their mobile strategy and some of the challenges and lessons they’ve learned. Much of what they’ve put to practice we’ve talked about here – and some more of it we’re co-laboring with them on the Kiosk Evangelism Project to figure out.

After that was our presentation (Definition and Applicable Contexts of Mobile (in) Ministry) and a panel with GRN and Cybermissions on questions and topics related to mobiles, mobile trends, and issues relating to maximizing resources and investments in this fast-moving technology/media channel.

Now, everything wasn’t all workshops and sessions. Sunday was more of a rest day (if you weren’t like myself and a few others who stayed up a bit late just about every night). A tour of Taylor University’s in-construction science facility, as well as a competitive game of ultimate frisbee allowed for us to not just get our minds exercised, but our social and physical selves as well. There was also a pretty neat rocket demonstration that happened beside the field we were playing ultimate frisbee. It still clicks that rockets and boys go together.

There was a panel session with Taylor staff, a session on using mobiles to train pastors, BOF groups (like this one on cloud computing), and a session where those with an interesting and missions-relevant technology/service could present and votes would determine the best one (this year’s winner was ArabBible, seriously, best Bible app I’ve seen for any computing environment in years). And of course, more expositions of the keynote.

And yes, if you weren’t following #ICCM via Twitter, then you also missed out on some of the chatter that was happening in between the sessions. It was definitely a techie conference, but also one where you could see that many people were simply refreshed by the fellowship and activity.

Tuesday was the last day of ICCM, and a devotional and announcements closed our time together. A few items of note: if you are in Australia or Europe, ICCM will be meeting in your spaces. Australia’s ICCM Conference is in Novemeber of this year, while Europe gets things going in February of next year. We’ve been asked to come to ICCM Europe and talk on mobile there, so we’ll be working pretty hard the coming months to secure the finances needed for that trip – and possibly an extended visit to other areas of Europe. Next year, ICCM Americas moves to Colorado Springs, CO. There’s certain to be some additional energies (and maybe a rally run up the mountain or two) with the crowd there.

If you made it this far through the recap, you can probably tell that ICCM Americas 2011 was quite packed. I wasn’t sure what to expect, and have to be honest in saying that I was very nearly discouraged in the early going when I saw the “usual tech conference hue.” But as I broke out of myself, and got into the flow of things, I could see clearly how ICCM is needed, not just for a means of understanding what’s happening in terms of missional computing around the world, but also what’s happening in the hearts and minds of those involved with IT at every level. We had college students to retirees attending and fellowshipping with one another. We had women, internationals, and a few minority (USA) groups represented. Certainly, there’s a lot that the Body can learn from this group, and more than this group is doing to make sure that ICCM maintains a focus of serving the entire Body of Christ.

I’m looking forward to attending future conferences. And maybe I won’t let folks get off so easy with having a panel during the same time I’m chatting That said, I do encourage you (and your ministries) to check out Taylor University if you have an interest in computing and mission. They are one of the more impressive educational settings that I’ve seen for this activity, and don’t see them slowing down any time soon.

For more information about ICCM, including seeing the presenter profiles and other information about the conference, visit the ICCM website.

Tags: ArabBible, conferences, Cybermissions, David Housholder, GRN, ICCM, ICCM 2011, ICCM-Australia, ICCM-Europe, mobile strategy, presentations, risk, risk management, Taylor University, training mobile pastors
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The Casualty of Symbian Bible Apps

Monday, May 16th, 2011

In a lot of respects, its rare to talk about Bible apps for one specific platform – there so many – the causality of Bible apps for the Symbian platform has been one of those questions that has gnawed at me a bit. Not so much even for the lack of applications, but the missed opportunities because of where the Symbian platform has been represented.

What is Symbian?

Symbian is a mobile operating system and platform that’s been used by Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, Fujitsu, and LG for mobile phones. To date, there have been over 600 million devices shipped and sold with the Symbian operating system, making it one of the most prolific in use.

Nokia has been quite adept at making Symbian fit its needs. It has pretty much been selling Symbian devices longer than people have given credence to there even being a category called smartphones. To that end, Symbian has been deployed with more carriers and in more world regions than all but the most basic of Java handsets.

Unfortunately, it is also considered an older platform that while stable and optimized for mobile devices, falls quite far behind some of the newer entrants in respect to ease-of-use, developer tools, and ease of finding applications. And so Symbian recently befell Nokia’s reorganization efforts (first spun into an open source platform, and now to be greatly minimized over the next years to be replaced by Windows Phone).

Symbian and Bibles

By accident of niche, Biblical software usually is a fairly easy one to fill. Find a publisher that has the languages that you want to address, write the application to deliver it, and then make it available. The issue with Symbian is that its actually a pretty difficult platform to build on. Without getting too technical, its just plain to say that developers have needed to had a certain type of older technical knowledge (previously) or invest in toolsets (Qt, Java, etc.) which required a good amount of patience before progress.

When I moved to the Symbian platform in 2008, there wasn’t much to find for Bible apps. Laridian, Olive Tree, Symbian Bible, and Go-Bible were pretty much your only options. And for a while, this was just fine and covered most of the Symbian devices that were in existence. When Symbian went to a touch-based user interface (UI), things got a lot fragmented, and Symbian Bible pretty much became the only option (Best eBible came on the scene later). Which was good and not good – a free application, using Bibles formatted for the Palm Bible+ application, and had no support for newer translations. Newer platforms ended up with a very easy “in” for adoption, they had what people could read, and could find.

A Missed Opportunity…

In light of all of that history, its easy to say that Symbian (and the companies associated with that platform) might have missed an opportunity to take a platform that has already made considerable inroads even further. But, it had a good bit going against it, and so it is now in the position it is in.

But does that mean that all potential opportunity for this platform have been lost? I’d say no, if technical aptitude is seen as a gift that can benefit the Body. When I say technical aptitude, a platform (like Symbian, but all qualify here) benefits by such knowledge as developer tools, device interfaces, language mapping, usage analytics, etc. A person who is skilled in any of these areas would be a suitable team member for a larger project creating an application, service, or refining a digital faith experience. These persons have to be looked for in “not normal places” as their gift isn’t something you’d find in Exodus on the way to creating a mobile altar (Exodus 25-27).

There’s also the benefit of much of Symbian’s assets being made available in open forums (for example Forum Nokia), through some open source technologies (for example Qt), and through the continued ownership of Symbian devices (installed-based analysis by Vision Mobile). In effect, there’s a lot of folks out there who can still benefit from a Bible solution on this platform.

The Lesson for Other Mobile Platforms

It is easy for the market, and popular (loud) opinion to state where you should place your development resources. Certainly, making plans for mobile software you’ve got to take into account devices, services, and experiences (the entire frame of mobile) and what is currently and what will be in the years to come.

When it comes to religious software, you also have the opportunity to always tap into the installed base of current users. Many times, your frequent fans and users of digital faith items will not splurge on the latest devices or services, though they will want to receive some of the same experiences that newer devices offer. It is in this that the opportunity lies, and where its possible to not just make a product, but help drive older platforms to a friendlier sunset.

Currently, there are several mobile platforms that have come and gone (Epoc, PalmOS, Windows Mobile), and some that are pretty much on their last legs (Symbian, older versions of Android and iOS, RIM’s BB OS 6 and earlier). Developers looking to cut their teeth on a mobile platform to learn and to provide experiences should not forget these platforms. And at the same time, you should go into any project with a clear (and simple) goal and definitive timeline. You will not be able to support those devices for very long when the official support has faded.

Lastly, when you are a platform that has cultured a community of content, but you are no longer able to support that platform, utilize the open code and support communities of Code.Google, Forum Nokia, SourceForge, GitHub, and others as places to put your code and release notes. There might be someone willing to take up the project, or at least help you migrate your project’s contents into a newer platform. For example, MMM participated in an effort to update the Rapier Bible application for Maemo 5 devices, fixing some linger bugs, but that also set the stage to develop (and later release into widespread testing) a Bible application written in Qt from the ground up called Katana. The rewritten application leans on lessons of the former, but has a much longer viable life because of decisions made early on to support certain content and programming hooks.

For Symbian, it may very well be the case that the sun is setting for it as a leading mobile platform. It is also the case that there are some years and various regions of users that still haven’t been served with digital faith content though having a platform capable of supporting it. Do keep that in mind as you consider your mobile strategies, and remember to study the past platforms for what is probably going to happen to many others in a nearer-than-you-can-expect future.

Tags: analytics, bible applications, bible software, development, metrics, mobile strategy, nokia, SDK, software, Symbian, Vision Mobile
Posted in Devices and Software | No Comments »

Mobile Ministry Strategies (Part 3: Cross-Referencing)

Tuesday, September 7th, 2010

This is Part 3 of a series proposing a methodology towards implementing and understanding the implications of mobile tool-sets within ministries. It is deliberately shortened, and at the same time, should assist the understanding behind MMM’s specific expertise offerings.

Defining Mobile Strategies
While it is many times helpful to look to other industries to define and implement strategies around new technologies, mobile is one of those clear areas where everyone is still trying to develop a sense of what works and how. MMM is one of many groups at the front of this intersection between faith and mobile, and proposes a framework which might assist many of you towards not just seeing the value of mobile (devices, services, etc.) and discerning the impacts personally, locally, and globally.

Cross-Referencing a Mobile Strategy
It is indeed difficult to look outside of your strategy as something that might have been done before. But, proving that your context is correct towards implementing any mobile strategy requires that such research is done.

By definition, cross-referencing is a task by which we determine the meaning or context of an item by analyizing it against an index or an accompanying passage/document.

Being that every mobile strategy is an intersection of faith and technological practices, two indexes should be selected: the Bible (or religious group’s primary document of faith, but not a creed) and reputable technology researchers/sources (Pew Internet, ITU, etc.).

The Bible gives the spiritual baseline by which any mobile-faith engagement would be measured against. This is not to say that it will speak directly to your mobile initiative, but like the fathers of the faith disputing their daily concerns with what they could understand by the Spirit and text, so we also measure our engagements in the same way. Be very careful here not to pull Scripture outside of its context in order to fit your context, this amounts to blasphemy.

Standards bodies such as the ITU keep a (mostly) up-to-date and unbiased series of data sets related to everything mobile that’s happening regionally and internationally. Your mobile strategy should be checked against these standards bodies, in addition to any software developer kits (SDKs) which might be a part of a specific platform. Understanding the trends, and then the capabilities already exposed within existing data, merits a refining of your strategy to something better able to be implemented and succeed.

With such a bearing on existing data, you can being implementing your product/service (part 4)

Tags: 5Cs, cross-referencing, ITU, methodologies, mobile strategy, resources
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Mobile Ministry Strategies (Part 2: Context)

Thursday, September 2nd, 2010

This is Part 2 of a series proposing a methodology towards implementing and understanding the implications of mobile tool-sets within ministries. It is deliberately shortened, and at the same time, should assist the understanding behind MMM’s specific expertise offerings.

Mobile as Context
Once you have gathered and organized the base data (Mobile as Content) to your approach, the next step is to understand the gaps and build a contextual profile. Or, to put it more simply, understand what all the data you collected means.

Again, here you haven’t implemented a solution, you are still building the framework to a solution.

By definition, context is the set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event, situation, etc. When you are regarding mobile as context, you are making an assumption (hopefully based on the data you collected or already understand) that mobile is a profitable strategy for your endeavor. Or, at the very least, mobile provides a means for a greater goal to be met more efficiently.

Context regards a few constants: (a) you have content that is valuable to someone else; (b) there is enough infrastructure and behavioral tendencies that your method will cause/disrupt change; and (c) you have the means to carry out your plans.

Once you have understood your data and further refined the context of your strategy, it is time to start cross-referencing your goals with existing (similar or near-similar) approaches (part 3).

Tags: 5Cs, context, methodologies, mobile strategy, resources
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Mobile Ministry Strategies (Part 1: Content)

Wednesday, September 1st, 2010

This is Part 1 of a series proposing a methodology towards implementing and understanding the implications of mobile tool-sets within ministries. It is deliberately shortened, and at the same time, should assist the understanding behind MMM’s specific expertise offerings.

Mobile as Content

Mobile can be defined in several different categories. One of the easiest ones to understand – but not necessarily the smallest grouping, is that of understanding mobile as content.

Mobile as Content means that you are seeing just the base elements of mobile as they are, before they are implemented within a specific context. This includes the devices themselves (Nokia, Apple, Samsung, Sony Ericsson, etc.), the software platforms (iOS, Symbian, Windows Mobile, etc.), and elements within these platforms (applications, web browsers, mobile websites, etc.). It will also include the data that passes through these devices/platforms (email, SMS, audio/video, etc.).

Mobile as Content doesn’t deal with the specific application of these items, it merely identifies them and recognizes that all of these are a part of making one’s strategic engagement possible.

Mobile as Content means that you recognize the various layers which can be used within mobile for your endeavors, and then shorten the list of what exists to those specific elements that you’d target for your endeavor. For example, you want to build a biblical text delivery system, then your mobile-specific content areas need to include the devices most prominent to your target group (which includes the hardware and software), the delivery method most likely to be used by that group (this bears in mind actual and used infrastructure, not ideal methods), and the content itself (and most likely to be used data formats).

After this point, you can start building out your contextual understanding of what can be done (see Part 2).

Tags: 5Cs, methodologies, mobile strategy, resources
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